Fireworks & Cancer: Hidden Health Risks and How to Stay Safe
Fireworks bring excitement and spectacle to celebrations, but behind the beautiful displays, there are health risks related to toxic emissions. For those with health concerns, especially those with a cancer diagnosis, it’s essential to understand the potential hazards and learn how to reduce exposure.
The Toxic Components of Fireworks
The vibrant colours in fireworks are created by metals like lead, barium, and copper, which are released into the air as particulate matter when fireworks are ignited. Studies have shown that inhalation of these fine particles, often less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation—two biological processes linked to cancer.
Research in Particle and Fibre Toxicology demonstrated that particles emitted by fireworks can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in lung cells. These responses are of particular concern for cancer patients, as inflammation is known to play a role in tumour growth and metastasis.
Airborne Particles & Health: The Cancer Link
PM2.5 particles are small enough to bypass the body’s usual defences, allowing them to penetrate deeply into lung tissue. Prolonged exposure to these particles has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. A comprehensive review in Frontiers in Public Health linked air pollution with cancer, explaining that heavy metals and toxic compounds in fine particulate matter contribute to carcinogenesis through oxidative DNA damage and the promotion of chronic inflammation.
Fireworks also release polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion by-products. PAHs are well-documented carcinogens that, when inhaled, can accumulate in the body’s tissues. According to a review in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, long-term PAH exposure is linked to higher risks of various cancers, including lung and bladder cancer.
How to Minimise Exposure to Firework Toxins
If you or someone close to you has a cancer diagnosis or is sensitive to airborne pollutants, here are some ways to limit exposure during firework displays:
Stay Upwind: Firework smoke travels with the wind. Standing upwind can reduce exposure to airborne particles. This is especially beneficial given that wind patterns impact the dispersion of PM2.5 and PAHs.
Watch from a Distance: The closer you are, the higher the exposure to particulate matter. Studies suggest that even a moderate increase in distance significantly reduces inhalation of fine particles.
Limit Outdoor Exposure: Watching fireworks from indoors or a sheltered area can minimise direct exposure. Research has shown that closing windows and using air purifiers with HEPA filters effectively reduce indoor particle concentrations.
Wear a Mask: A properly fitted N95 mask can reduce inhalation of fine particles, though it cannot block all toxic emissions. This is particularly helpful in high-exposure settings.
Support Your Body's Detox Mechanisms: To counter oxidative stress, consider foods high in antioxidants—such as berries, green leafy vegetables, and green tea. Research published in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity suggests that dietary antioxidants can play a protective role by reducing oxidative DNA damage.
Understanding the Risks Can Lead to Safer Choices
By being aware of these hidden risks, you can make better choices for yourself and your family. Fireworks can be enjoyed safely with a few precautions, helping to protect your health and minimise exposure to the harmful toxins they emit.
References
Anderson, J.O., Thundiyil, J.G., and Stolbach, A., 2012. Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 9(1), pp.18.
Chen, C., Zhao, B., Cui, F., and Dong, L., 2021. The effectiveness of HEPA air purifiers at reducing indoor particulate matter: a systematic review. Indoor Air, 31(5), pp.1300-1314.
Jung, C.H., Park, H.Y., Kim, S.G., and Lee, H.M., 2020. Effectiveness of N95 masks for reducing inhalation of PM2.5 fine particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 54(5), pp.3024-3033.
Kim, K.H., Jahan, S.A., and Kabir, E., 2013. A review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their potential health effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5), pp.1609-1631.
Laumbach, R., Meng, Q., and Kipen, H., 2015. What can individuals do to reduce personal health risks from air pollution? Frontiers in Public Health, 3, pp.87.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., and Chandra, N., 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants, and functional foods: Impact on human health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 3(4), pp.260-268.
Vicente, E.D., Vicente, A.M., Evtyugina, M., and Carvalho, R., 2020. Emission of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from fireworks displays. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 17(1), pp.1-11.
Anand, V., Gupta, M., and Singh, D., 2022. Dispersion and inhalation of particulate matter from fireworks. Atmospheric Environment, 290, pp.1-10.
